Reprinted with permission of the Humane Society of the United States and the World Society for the Protection of Animals.

Captive dolphin interactive facilities often try to circumvent ethical, scientific and legal arguments against the holding and trade of dolphins by asserting that their dolphins are captive-bred and, thus, exempt from any of the concerns put forward by the scientific and animal protection communities.

While the capture of wild dolphins does, indeed, remain a central concern in the proliferation of swim-with-the-dolphin (SWTD) and other such captive dolphin interactive programs, the experience of a dolphin in captivity, whether captive-bred or wild-caught, is similarly impoverished and compromised. The claim that captive dolphins are semi-domesticated or that a captive-bred dolphin is less of a predatory wild animal due to its birth in captivity has no scientific basis. Captive dolphin breeding programs are opportunistic – no artificial selection for desirable traits has occurred, a requirement for domestication.

Even more unsubstantiated is the assertion, which can be found in the marketing materials of many captive facilities, that the dolphins actually enjoy life in confinement, as if, somehow, millions of years of evolution and specific adaptation to life in the seas can be overcome after a single or even several generations.

Therefore, the platform that the experience of a captive-bred dolphin is somehow preferable to, more acceptable, or safer than that of a wild-caught animal lacks scientific substance and cannot be used to justify plans for any kind of captive facility or interactive program.

Captive Breeding and Conservation
Captive breeding programs tout themselves as "conservation" programs when, in reality, they serve merely to replenish the supply of dolphins for captive exhibits, including interactive programs. If these programs were serious about adding to the gene pool of threatened species, they would be focusing research or breeding efforts on species such as the vaquita porpoise or the baiji river dolphin 1,2. However, the vast majority of captive-bred dolphins are bottlenose dolphins, a species generally not under threat. Further, almost all reintroductions of long-term captive and captive-born dolphins to the wild have been conducted by animal welfare organizations and stranding networks, with few, if any, of the for-profit enterprises contributing to the conservation of wild species in this way.

Mortality and Welfare of Captive-Bred Dolphins
As noted above, captive-bred dolphins are not domesticated and have the same inherent needs as wild-born animals. Mortality rates bear out the fact that life in captivity cannot be assumed to be preferable or better for those born into it. Research shows that dolphins in captivity, both wild-caught as well as captive-bred, at best tend to live only about as long as their wild counterparts. Considering the claim of the captive display industry that their dolphins are protected from the inherent “dangers” they would face in their natural environment (but for which they are specifically adapted), as well as human-caused hazards, it is significant that captive dolphins do not show improved mortality rates even after 60 years of husbandry refinement. This suggests that dolphins suffer from stress associated with captivity, regardless of their origin. In addition, mortality rates for calves born in captivity are similar to those for calves born in the wild 3. Since wild-born calves are subject to predation, illness, being separated from their mothers and a host of other natural and human-caused threats, captive-breeding programs should show a much higher survival rate, but this is not the case.

All dolphins in captivity are prevented or impeded from learning and expressing natural behaviors. It is becoming increasingly clear that “culture” is exceedingly important to dolphins - mothers teach specific skills to offspring and juveniles are able to learn other behaviors via imitation of other pod mates 4. For example, a 2005 study published by the US National Academy of Sciences documented cultural transmission of a behavior among dolphins in Australia, where certain mothers were observed teaching their young to cover their snouts with a sea sponge to avoid scratches when foraging for food in the sandy bottom 5. Culture is lost in captivity or at best is replaced by an artificial culture with no evolutionary or ecological basis.

Further, captive facilities routinely remove calves from mothers at an early age, before many essential life lessons can be taught. For instance, many calves are removed from their mothers before they learn how to properly nurse and thus are less able (or in some cases completely unable) to nurse their own offspring, leading to an increase in infant mortality. By breaking natural bonds prematurely, captive facilities deprive these dolphins of essential life skills.

Genetically the same as free-roaming dolphins, captive-born animals are not pre-conditioned to adapt to confined spaces nor are they free of the stress associated with forced interactions.

Dolphins are extremely social, travel great distances and dive deeply. Even in the largest captive facilities, a dolphin is restricted to less than one-ten thousandth of its natural range, yet another condition that compromises welfare and may result in a shorter life span than is natural.

Captive-Bred Animals as Research Subjects
Another claim used by captive facilities to distract the public from the realities of life in confinement is that captive animals serve as a window into the lives of their wild counterparts. The truth is that constraints placed on the animals, artificially-created environments and unnatural social groupings all skew the behaviors of captive dolphins 6. In addition, much of the research on captive cetaceans only addresses husbandry needs of captive animals. Thus captive research is generally of little conservation value 7, undermining the idea that these few “ambassador species” will tell scientists what they need to know to protect wild populations.

Captive-Bred Dolphins and Public Safety
A dolphin born in captivity is still a wild animal and it would be irresponsible to suggest otherwise. A reasonable person would never dream of placing his or her child in a pen with a captive-born bear or wolf, because it is understood that these animals are wild, predatory and potentially dangerous, regardless of the circumstances of their birth. This same caution should be practiced with dolphins, which are highly-skilled predators that have existed for millions of years longer than humans have walked the earth. Injuries (many minor, but some significant and requiring hospitalization) occur more commonly in interactive programs than is reported or widely known. Many of these injuries are inflicted by captive-bred dolphins. Furthermore, the possibility of disease transmission (from dolphin to human as well as from human to dolphin) is the same regardless of an animal’s origin.8 In short, the suggestion that captive-bred dolphins are somehow safer for people to interact with is erroneous – nothing in the scientific literature supports that the dangers inherent in interacting with these species are lessened by the animals being captive-bred.

1 R. R. Reeves and others, Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales: 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World’s Cetaceans (Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2003), http://www.iucn.org/bookstore/TOCs/dolphins-toc.htm.

2 T. Bettinger and H. Quinn, “Conservation funds: How do zoos and aquaria decide which projects to fund?” in Proceedings of the AZA Annual Conference (St. Louis: AZA, 2000), 52-54.

3 T. H. Woodley and others, “A comparison of survival rates for free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), killer whales (Orcinus orca), and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas),” Technical Report No. 97-02 (Guelph: International Marine Mammal Association, Inc., 1997. This report determined that calf mortality in captivity was much higher than in the wild; however, the mortality data from the wild population may have been incomplete. Thus, mortality rates may be similar or, conversely, may be even more divergent than reported.

4 L. Rendell and H. Whitehead, “Culture in whales and dolphins”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2001): 309-382

5 Krützen and others, “Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, June 21, 2005, vol. 102, no. 25, 8939-8943.

6 See Liu and others, “Comparative studies on the behaviour of Inia geoffrensis and Lipotes vexillifer in artificial environments”, Aquatic Mammals 20 (1994): 35

7 Rees, P., “Will the EC Zoos Directive increase the conservation value of zoo research?”, Oryx 39 (2005): 128-131.

8 Mazet and others, “Assessment of the risk of zoonotic disease transmission to marine mammal workers and the public.” Marine Mammal Center survey of the University of California, 2004.